PEOPLE

Warren G. Harding

. Conservative Republican president, elected 1920

. Likable personality but plagued by corruption scandals

. Died in office, 1923

Calvin Coolidge

. Conservative Republican president

. Elected vice president, 1920

. Became president at Harding's death, 1923

. "The business of America is business"

. Reelected, 1924

. Popular; oversaw "Coolidge prosperity"

Herbert Hoover

. Progressive Republican president

. Self-made millionaire in mining industry

. Successful Secretary of Commerce, 1921-28

. "We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land," 1928

. Elected president in landslide, 1928

. Presidency ruined by Great Depression, 1929

Al Smith

. Four-term Governor of New York

. Wanted to end Prohibition

. Democratic Party candidate for president, 1928

. First Roman Catholic nominee for president

. Crushed by Hoover in 1928 election

Eugene Debs

. Labor leader and head of Socialist Party

. Arrested under Espionage Act for criticizing President Wilson's conduct of World War I, 1918

. Ran for president from federal prison in 1920

. Won nearly 1 million votes in 1920 election

Margaret Sanger

. Leading birth-control advocate

. Founded American Birth Control League (now known as Planned Parenthood)

Andrew Mellon

. Wealthy Wall Street investor

. Secretary of the Treasury under Harding and Coolidge

. Pro-business policies led to economic boom of Roaring Twenties, but also to bust of 1929 Great Crash

Henry Ford

. Famous automaker

. Developer of Model T, first popular car

. Pioneered assembly-line process of mass production in industry

. Wanted Americanization of foreign-born workers; had anti-immigrant and anti-Semitic beliefs

Charles Lindbergh

. Famous pilot

. First person to fly an airplane solo across the Atlantic

. Became one of America's first hugely popular celebrities

Marcus Garvey

. Black nationalist leader

. Advocated black pride and resettlement of American blacks back to Africa

. "Africa for Africans, at home and abroad"

. Founded Black Star Line steamship company

. Convicted of mail fraud under dubious circumstances and deported to Jamaica

Al Capone

. Infamous Chicago gangster

. Made millions selling illegal liquor during Prohibition

. Convicted of income tax evasion and jailed at Alcatraz, 1931

D.W. Griffith

. Hollywood filmmaker

. Directed Birth of a Nation, the first real box-office blockbuster, 1915

. Birth of a Nation glorified the Ku Klux Klan

EVENTS

1915 Birth of a Nation

. First Hollywood blockbuster film

. Set box-office sales record that lasted 22 years

. Film glorified the Ku Klux Klan, leading to KKK revival in 1920s

1919 Red Scare

. Post-World War I crackdown against radicals

. Fueled by fear of Communist revolution

. Increased powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation

. Crushed American radical and labor groups

1919 18th Amendment

. Enacted Prohibition

. Banned sale or manufacture of alcohol in United States

. Repealed in 1933

1920 19th Amendment

. Achieved woman's suffrage

. Granted women the right to vote

1920 Presidential Election

. Republican Warren G. Harding elected president

. Democrat James Cox crushed

. Harding promised "return to normalcy"

1923 Death of President Harding

. Harding died of heart attack in San Francisco, 1923

. Death ended scandal-plagued administration

. Vice President Calvin Coolidge became president

1924 Presidential Election

. Popular Republican President Coolidge elected to his own full term

. Democrat John W. Davis crushed

1924 National Origins Act

. Restricted immigration

. Expanded upon earlier immigration restrictions passed in 1921

. Created immigration quotas based on nation of origin

. Discriminated against immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

1925 Scopes Monkey Trial

. Tested Tennessee law banning teaching of evolution

. Celebrity attorneys (Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan) represented both sides

. Teacher John Scopes convicted

. Trial was a publicity stunt

1928 Presidential Election

. Republican Herbert Hoover elected president

. Hoover promised "triumph over poverty"

. Hoover won more electoral votes than any previous presidential candidate

. Democrat Al Smith became the first Catholic to run for president, but was crushed in election

1929 Stock Market Crash

. Financial panic struck Wall Street, causing collapse in prices of stocks

. Stock market lost nearly 90% of its value between 1929 and 1932

. Signaled onset of Great Depression

GROUPS

Ku Klux Klan

. Reached height of popularity in 1920s

. Revival followed positive portrayal of Klan in 1915 film Birth of a Nation

. Anti-black, anti-Catholic, anti-Semitic, anti-immigrant, anti-sex, anti-alcohol

. Controlled several state governments in 1920s

"New Immigrants"

. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe

. 25 million immigrants entered United States, 1880-1920

. Different national and ethnic background of "new immigrants" alarmed many native-born citizens

. "New immigration" cut off by restrictive 1924 National Origins Act

Harlem Renaissance

. Literary and cultural movement of African Americans concentrated in New York's Harlem neighborhood

. Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, Claude McKay important figures in Harlem Renaissance

Lost Generation

. American writers living in Europe (especially Paris) after World War I

. F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Gertrude Stein important figures in Lost Generation

American Birth Control League

. Founded by Margaret Sanger to advocate for legalization of birth control

. Now known as Planned Parenthood

CONCEPTS

Americanization

. Process by which immigrants were made into Americans

. Pushed heavily by Henry Ford and others who wanted to strip immigrants of ethnic identity

"New" Immigrants

. Immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, including Russians, Poles, Jews, Italians

. Arrived in large numbers between 1880 and 1920

. Initially considered by many Americans to be inferior to "old" immigrants from Nothern and Western Europe

PLACES

Dayton, Tennessee

. Small rural town hosted famous "Scopes Monkey Trial" in 1925, testing the legality of the teaching of evolution in public schools

. Entire trial deliberately organized as a publicity stunt to gain attention for the economically struggling town

Harlem, New York

. African American neighborhood at northern end of Manhattan in New York City

. Site of vibrant black cultural movement known as "Harlem Renaissance" during 1920s

. Home of Marcus Garvey's black nationalist movement