PEOPLE
Harry Anslinger
.
Director
of Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 1930-1962
.
Aggressive
opponent of drug use
.
Testimony
before Congress in 1937 key to federal criminalization of marijuana
Len Bias
.
Basketball
star at U of Maryland; second pick (chosen by Boston Celtics) in 1986 NBA draft
.
Died
of cocaine overdose one day after draft
.
His
death sparked national panic over dangers of cocaine use
Humphrey Bogart
.
Popular
American film actor in the 1950s
.
Often
featured smoking cigarettes on screen
.
Heavy
smoker in real life; died of lung cancer in 1957
.
His
death inspired efforts to pass anti-smoking legislation
Christopher Columbus
.
15th
century explorer famous for his voyage to the New World
.
First
European to encounter the tobacco plant, a gift from Native Americans
.
Introduced
Europe to the habit of smoking tobacco
Pablo Escobar
.
Colombian
cartel chief; world's most powerful cocaine trafficker in the 1980s
.
Contributed
to America's cocaine epidemic
.
Died
in 1993 in shootout with Colombian police
Increase Mather
.
Leading
Puritan minister in the early years of the Massachusetts Bay Colony
.
Worried
that indulgence in alcohol, especially rum, would ruin the colony
Richard M. Nixon
.
Conservative
Republican president, elected in 1968 and 1972
.
Coined
phrase "War on Drugs" in 1971 speech; referred to illegal drug trade as "public
enemy number one"
.
Resigned
from office in 1974 as a result of Watergate scandal
John Pemberton
.
Atlanta
chemist during the late 19th century
.
Invented
Coca-Cola in 1886, using coca leaf (source of cocaine) and kola nut (source of
caffeine)
.
Marketed
Coca-Cola as a medical tonic
.
His
original formula wasn't successful outside of Georgia
John Rolfe
.
Early
America colonist at Jamestown, Virginia
.
First
Englishman in America to grow tobacco
.
His
success helped establish Virginia as rich tobacco-producing region
"Freeway" Ricky Ross
.
Los
Angeles drug dealer; invented "Ready Rock," a cheap form of crack cocaine, 1980
.
Became
rich and powerful drug trafficker by selling "Ready Rock" nationwide
.
Major
contributor to the American crack epidemic
.
Sentenced
to life imprisonment, 1996
Howard Schultz
.
Billionaire
businessman responsible for building Starbucks empire
.
Inspired
by espresso bars while traveling in Italy
.
Introduced
ready-made espresso drinks to Seattle coffee consumers, 1984
.
Helped
revolutionize the American coffee-drinking experience
Harvey Wiley
.
Chemist
during the Progressive Era
.
Major
advocate for food and drug safety; helped pass and enforce the 1906 Pure Food
and Drug Act
.
Considered
caffeine a type of poison, more dangerous than whiskey
.
Tried
but failed to force Coca-Cola to eliminate caffeine from its drinks
EVENTS
1604 A Counterblaste to Tobacco
.
Pamphlet
issued by England's King James I
.
Moral
argument against smoking tobacco; compared those who smoked to "wild, Godless
and slavish Indians"
.
Along
with this pamphlet, King James increased tax on tobacco by 4000%
.
Failed
to reduce tobacco use
1675 A Proclamation for the
Suppression of Coffee Houses
.
Issued
by England's King Charles II
.
Described
coffee houses as "the great resort of idle and disaffected persons"
.
Ordered
closure of all coffee houses
.
Rescinded
after less than a week of vigorous protests
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act
.
Federal
law passed during Progressive Era
.
Requires
accurate labeling of food and medicine products
.
Bans
products considered hazardous or poisonous
1914 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act
.
Federal
law required doctor's prescription for heroin, opium, morphine, cocaine and
other drugs that had been sold over-the-counter
.
Increased
powers of Federal Bureau of Investigation
.
Expanded
with the passage of the Controlled Substances Act of 1970
1919 18th Amendment
.
Total
federal ban on production, sale, and consumption of alcohol
.
Advocated
by churches, women's groups, and temperance organizations
.
Repealed
in 1933 with passage of 21st Amendment
.
Failed
miserably, creating major black market liquor industry and related organized
crime
1966 Cigarette Labeling and
Advertising Act
.
Federal
law required cigarette manufacturers to print warning labels on products
.
Tobacco
industry, with help of lobbyists, won concession to use weak warning: "smoking
may be hazardous to your health"
GROUPS
American Temperance
Society (ATS)
.
Powerful
anti-alcohol organization founded in 1826
.
First
comprised of prominent religious leaders, then grew to include mostly women
.
Became
most powerful mass organization to that point in American history
.
Successful
in reducing alcohol consumption by 75% between 1830 and 1845
.
Many
ATS members went on to be abolitionists and suffragists
Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD)
.
Founded
by Candy Lightner after her child was killed by drunken driver
.
Originally
dedicated to fighting drunk driving
.
Used
moral arguments and stories of death to advance its cause
.
Instrumental
in changing federal law to increase national drinking age to 21
Puritans
.
Early
settlers of colonial New England
.
Often
considered a God-fearing, prudish, pleasure-less group
.
Were,
in fact, major producers and consumers of "Kill-Devil" rum
.
Puritan
ministers worried that their people loved alcohol too much
Women's Christian Temperance Union
(WCTU)
.
Powerful
anti-alcohol organization founded in late 19th century
.
Advocated
for a federal amendment banning alcohol sales in America
.
Instrumental
in the passage of the 18th Amendement, 1919
CONCEPTS
Black Market
.
Illegal
buying and selling of goods banned by law from legal trade
.
Resulted
from laws banning legal sale of drugs
.
Profitable
black markets often sustain organized crime
Bootlegger
.
Smuggler
of illegal liquor
.
During
Prohibition, secretly imported booze from nations like Canada, Mexico, and
Cuba, where liquor remained legal
Cash Crop
.
Crop
grown for sale and export rather than for food or animal feed
.
Tobacco
was a major cash crop in early American history
.
Marijuana
is most valuable cash crop in U.S. today
Gateway Drug Theory
.
Idea
that one drug leads users to try more addictive and dangerous drugs
.
Henry
Ford wrote an early version of this theory in 1914, saying tobacco use led to
alcohol addiction and alcohol use led to morphine addiction
"Kill-Devil"
.
A
strong liquor made from distilled sugar or molasses
.
A
favorite alcoholic drink of early English colonists, particularly in sugar
colony of Barbados and in New England
.
Known
today as rum
Patent Medicines
.
Over-the-counter
drugs, popular in late 19th and early 20th centuries,
promised to cure a variety of ailments
.
Most
were completely fraudulent; some included narcotic substances like heroin and
cocaine
.
Coca-Cola
originally sold as patent medicine
.
Pure
Food and Drug Act of 1906 banned many of these
"Ready Rock"
.
Cheap,
impure version of smokable cocaine or "freebase"
.
Invented
by drug dealer "Freeway" Ricky Ross in 1980
.
Made
Ross one of America's richest and most powerful drug dealers
.
Known
today as "crack"
Sin Taxes
.
Extra
taxes imposed on alcohol and tobacco to deter use
Speakeasies
.
Illegal
saloons common during Prohibition
.
Some
half million operated in the U.S. during 1920s
.
Often
served as fronts for organized crime
PLACES
Atlanta, Georgia
.
Birthplace
of Coca-Cola
Jamestown, Virginia
.
Location
of first permanent English settlement in North America, 1607
.
Colony
sustained by sale of tobacco crops
Seattle, Washington
.
Birthplace
of Starbucks Coffee
South Central Los
Angeles, Los Angeles
.
Site
of "Freeway" Rick Ross's invention of crack cocaine, 1980