Test Review:

The French & Indian War

Events

1754 Massacre at the Great Meadows

George Washington led Virginia provincial troops to victory against French forces
Following the battle, Washington's Indian allies attacked and scalped French captives and killed the French commander
French forces attacked Washington's troops in retaliation for the massacre, forcing Washington to surrender

1755 Battle of the Wilderness

Also known as the Battle of Monogahela
Disastrous for the British, who suffered over 900 casualties
First in a series of major setbacks for the British

1755 Battle of Lake George

British were defeated, but they prevented Indian forces from pushing forward
After this battle, Mohawks ended their alliance with the British
After this battle, other nations within the Iroquois League took a position of neutrality

1756 Seven Years' War Declared

Britain and France declared war against one another
Prussia entered war on side of Britain
Austria, Sweden, and Russia allied with France

1758 Treaty of Easton

Agreement between the British and Indian federations, including the Iroquois League and the Ohio Indians
Great Britain promised to renegotiate the Walking Purchase of 1737
British forbade white settlement west of Allegheny Mountains
Preserved Ohio Valley as an Indian homeland

1763 Treaty of Paris Ratified

Signed in 1762, but delayed by some who thought the terms were too lenient
France conferred all land east of the Mississippi River (including Canada, but not New Orleans) to Britain
Spain surrendered Florida to Britain; Britain returned Cuba to Spain
Officially ended the French and Indian War

1763 Britain's Proclamation

Meant to halt westward migration by colonial settlers
Forbade American migration past the Appalachian mountains
Allowed only government-licensed traders to venture in
Prohibited private land sales between Indians and white settlers
Only the government could negotiate land transactions with recognized Indian authorities

1764 Sugar Act

Passed by British Parliament
Extended the tax on foreign molasses imported into the American colonies
Imposed higher taxes on other non-British goods, including coffee
First taxes on trade passed by Parliament that were designed to raise revenue rather than regulate trade
British government defended the taxes as way to defray costs of recent war
Colonists objected to new taxes as form of taxation without representation; ultimately led to their Declaration of Independence, 1776

Places

Forks of the Ohio River

Place where the Ohio, Monogahela, and Allegheny Rivers converge
Site of modern-day Pittsburgh in western Pennsylvania

Quebec

Last and most formidable of French strongholds during the war
The British capture of the region captured by Benjamin West in his painting, The Death of General Wolfe
Region of current day Canada

People

Edward Braddock

Major-general in the British Army
Sent to America in 1754 after George Washington's defeat at Fort Necessity
Suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of the Wilderness, 1755
His defeat marked the first in a series of major setbacks for the British

Marquis Duquesne

Governor-general of New France from 1752 to 1755
Built a string of forts, including one named Fort Duquesne, to protect French interests in the Ohio Valley from advances by the British
His aggressive response to British expansion antagonized the British to respond in kind

Marquis de Montcalm

Major general in the French military
His criticism of Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal's use of guerrilla tactics led the French king to name him supreme authority of the French military in the Americas, 1759
Commanded forces at Quebec when city was attacked by the British
Died during the Quebec battle

William Pitt

British Secretary of State during the French and Indian War
His policies led to British success in the war
Also left Britain with huge debt and larger empire to administer
As British Prime Minister, he sympathized with Americans but wasn't able to find ways to reconcile ambitions of Britain and America

Tanaghrisson

Member of the Senecas and the Iroquois League
Called a "Half King" because all his decisions had to be approved by the Iroquois Council
Forged an alliance with the British to prevent the Ohio Indians from threatening Iroquois power
Took steps to provoke a war between British and French by slaughtering French soldiers after they surrendered to George Washington, 1754

Marquis de Vaudreuil-Cavagnal

Governor of French Louisiana from 1743 to 1752
Governor-general of New France from 1755 to 1760
His military tactics led to early success against the British in the war
Enlisted Canadian Indians, giving them weapons and free rein to attack British settlements
His strategy was criticized by Marquis de Montcalm who said his tactics led to "uncivilized" military behavior

George Washington

Before he before the first president of the U.S., was officer in Virginia's provincial militia
Served as commander of Virginia Regiment, defending British settlements in the Shenandoah Valley
Earned fame in America for his bravery during the Battle of the Wilderness
By the end of the war, became symbol for colonists of their own military prowess

James Wolfe

Colonel in the British Army
Led successful attack against French strongholds in Quebec, 1759
His success in Quebec all but ended the French and Indian War
Gained fame as a British national hero

Groups

The Iroquois

An alliance of Indian nations founded in the 17th century; centered in western New York
Also known as the Iroquois Confederacy, Iroquois League, and the Five Nations
After 1722, included Mohawks, Senecas, Onondagas, Cayugas, Oneidas, and Tuscaroras
By 1750, the dominant Indian power in British North America

Ohio Indians

Included the Delaware Indians, the Shawnees, and the Mingos
Moved into abandoned Ohio Valley after the Iroquois had driven out most other Indian nations
Hoped to maintain independence from the Iroquois

Regulars

Term for soldiers in the British army
Name used to distinguish professional soldiers from comparatively untrained provincials

Provincials

Name for militia raised and organized by colonial governments
Served for fixed terms of service, usually 8 months
Compensated for their service

Concepts

Mourning Wars

Wars waged by Native Americans to replenish their populations depleted by disease, famine, and war
Raiding tribes adopted the women and children of defeated enemies

Walking Purchase

Deal between the Iroquois and the Pennsylvania government
First negotiated in 1737, then confirmed by treaty in 1742
Iroquois turned over a huge swath of land occupied by Delaware Indians to the British
The Delaware successfully renegotiated with the British during the French and Indian War

Bleeding

Common medical treatment during the 18th century
Used to treat diseases, infections, and hemorrhaging
Theory behind the practice was that removing the tainted blood would speed recovery
Also known as bloodletting or venesection


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