Ligeia Theme of Drugs and Alcohol

Opium is a drug that was legal back in Poe's day. It can cloud the memory, induce visions, and blur the line between dreams and reality. In "Ligeia," it does all that – to our narrator. As such, we're forced to share in his habit, to see the world through drug-clouded lenses. His addiction is a sign of his suffering – you'd like to imagine he wouldn't be using the opium if Ligeia hadn't died – and it affects the very fabric of the story he's sharing. When he tells us that his hallucinations (the shadow on the carpet and the red drops in the goblet) might be the consequence of his opium high, we have to question everything he has been saying all along.

1. The narrator's addiction to opium definitely affects his memory of Ligeia's rise from the dead. That said, are the effects of his addiction reflected anywhere else in the story?
2. Is it possible that the narrator's simply using opium as an excuse? Is his addiction merely making his own mental suffering worse?
3. Sure, the narrator's opium use affects his perceptions, but here's another question: how does it affect our perceptions of him?

In "Ligeia," addiction is more than just a character trait; rather, it's a key plot device, a storytelling essential.

The narrator's addiction to opium is a consequence of his grief, and so a sign of his ultimately feeble will.