Madame Bovary Allusions & Cultural References

Literature, Philosophy, and Mythology

• Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, Paul et Virginie (I.6.1)
• Sir Walter Scott (I.6.6; Bride of Lammermoor, II.15.6)
• Eugène Sue (I.9.6)
• Honoré de Balzac (I.9.6)
• George Sand (I.9.6)
• Voltaire (II.7.14; II.14.7; II.14.19, III.9.29)
• Baron d’Holbach (III.9.29)

Historical References

• French Revolution (I.6.6)
• Mary, Queen of Scots (I.6.6)
• Joan of Arc (I.6.6)
• Héloïse (I.6.6)
• Agnès Sorel (I.6.6)
• Clémence Isaure (I.6.6)
• Massacre of St. Bartholomew (I.6.6)
• Death of the Duke of Clarence (II.12.23)
• Louise de la Vallière (II.14.9)
• Louis XIII (III.V.104)

Pop Culture

• Leonardo da Vinci, La Belle Ferronnière, painting (I.6.6)
• Gaetano Donizetti, Lucia di Lammermoor, an opera (II.15.1)
• Charles Steuben, Esmerelda, painting (III.7.48)
• Henri-Fréderic Schopin, Potiphar, painting (III.7.48)