Introduction to :

One of the first shapes we learn as a toddlers is the circle. It probably didn't take long to realize that pizza is shaped this way. Now we will discuss the unit circle, the circle with radius equal to 1, in terms of pizza.

When we are young, we only eat cheese pizza. Plain, boring, but still delicious, the cheese pizza satisfied every inner desire. Even now, it still sometimes hits the spot.

Next, we learned to relate trigonometric functions to the circle. Sine and cosine became the pepperoni as we add our first pizza topping.

For example, if we erase the arrows that give direction and the labels that say which values of t go with which points, the following three parameterizations all produce the pepperoni unit circle:

The normal parameterization
x(t) = cos t
y(t) = sin t
for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
This parameterization starts at the point (1,0) when t = 0 and travels the unit circle once in a counterclockwise direction.

The parameterization

This starts at the point (-1,0) and travels the unit circle once in a counterclockwise direction.

The graph of the parametric equations

for 0 ≤ t ≤ 8π.
This starts at the point (1,0) and travels the unit circle twice in a counterclockwise direction.

If we erase the arrows and the labels that say what values of t belong to which points, we can't tell the difference between these two graphs. They both look like this:

If the graph doesn't have labels and arrows, we can't tell how quickly or how many times the circle is traced. We also doen't know where the stylus started.
All we can see is the circle. Put another way, it's still a pizza.

Now that we are a little older, our tastes have refined, and we prefer other pizza toppings. We invite our friends over for a pizza dinner, but no three people can agree on a topping set. Fortunately, there are infinitely choices of pizza toppings, and these are unit pizzas, they are small enough for everyone to have their own. Each different set of toppings changes the way a pizza tastes.

Similarly, there are infinitely many parameterizations of the unit circle. Different parameterizations may affect

the starting point on the circle,
the speed at which the circle is drawn,
how many times the circle is traced, and
whether the circle is drawn clockwise or counterclockwise.

A typical parameterization of the unit circle is
x(t) = cos t
y(t) = sin t

for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.
We can tweak this to find new parameterizations that meet certain criteria.

Example 1

Give a parameterization of the unit circle that starts at the point (1,0) and draws the unit circle once in a clockwise direction for 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π.

Example 2

Give parametric equations and bounds for the parameter that traces the unit circle clockwise so that the etch-a-sketch stylus is at (0,1) when t = 0 and again when t = π. This is a sausage pizza because it's made from the same stuff as pepperoni but tastes different.

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Exercise 1

Give parametric equations and bounds for the parameter that describe the unit circle as shown. In each case the unit circle should be traced only once. Check the answers by putting them in a calculator and seeing if we find the right picture.

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

PICTURE param eq 20

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