Test Review:
Spanish Colonization
Events
1492 Arrival of Columbus
- First sustained interaction between Indians and Europeans
- Beginning of European conquest and domination of Americas
1501 Start of Encomienda System
- Spanish began employing Indians as slaves on wide scale
- Slaveowners were supposed to Catholicize and protect slaves
- System was widely abused
1521 Fall of Aztec Empire
- Defeat and collapse of second-largest pre-Columbian empire in Americas
- Hernán Cortés led Spanish conquistadors and Indian allies in successful attack on Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan
1532 Conquest of Inca Empire
- Very small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro defeated large Inca army
- Spanish conquest aided by devastating effects of smallpox epidemic, which killed 200,000 Inca, including king, designated heir, top generals and administrators in 1525
1540 Jesuit Order Founded
- Order of Catholic priests founded by Ignatius Loyola
- Set up missions in New World
- Sought to root out heresy and convert Indians to Christianity
1545 Silver Discovery in Bolivia
- Silver mine at Potosì began producing huge financial windfall for Spanish
- Spanish Crown received one-fifth of all mining proceeds
1565 Founding of St. Augustine
- City of St. Augustine founded in Florida
- First permanent European settlement in what became the United States
1680 Popé Rebellion
- Pueblo Indians in New Mexico, led by Chief Popé, rebelled against Spanish rule
- Spanish forces needed twelve years to put down Pueblo rising
- Led to the end of encomienda system in New Mexico in 1717
1848 Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
- Ended Mexican-American War
- U.S. annexed New Mexico, California, Arizona, Utah, Nevada, parts of Colorado and Wyoming
- U.S. landmass increased by a third
Places
St. Augustine, Florida
- Settlement founded by Spanish in 1565
- Oldest city in the United States
Tenochtitlan
- Capital of Aztec Empire, built in middle of lake at site of modern-day Mexico City, Mexico
- At its peak, larger than any European city
- Largely destroyed by Hernán Cortés in 1521
People
Christopher Columbus
- Genoese explorer in service of Spain, "discovered" America in 1492
- Led four voyages to New World, establishing first permanent European colonies in America and establishing Spanish domination of Western Hemisphere
Hernan Cortes
- Spanish conquistador and conqueror of Mexico
- Attacked Aztecs in 1519, defeated them in 1521
- Ruthless with both natives and his own troops
Moctezuma II (a.k.a. Montezuma)
- Last Emperor of the Aztecs
- Initially tried to use arrival of Spanish to own advantage
- Later defeated by Cortés; died in captivity, 1520
- Now seen by some as heroic last native ruler of Mexico
Francisco Pizarro
- Conquistador and conqueror of the Inca Empire
- Toppled Inca empire in 1532
Queen Isabella of Castile
- Queen of Spain, wife of King Ferdinand
- Funded Columbus's journey to New World
- Decreed Spain would receive 20% of all income from colonies established there
Junipero Serra
- Franciscan friar, father of California's mission system
- Missions were first major European presence on North American Pacific coast
Groups
Conquistadors
- Led Spanish conquest of Western Hemisphere
- Mostly poor nobles from south and west of Spain
- Hoped to spread Catholicism and obtain wealth in New World
- Greatly aided by spread of smallpox and other diseases
Franciscans
- Catholic missionary order
- Led by Junipero Serra in California
- Founded series of missions California, stretching from San Diego to Sonoma
Mestizos
- Mixed-race inhabitants of Spanish New World
- Of Spanish, Indian, and African descent
- Were often discriminated against, barred from official postings
Criollos
- American-born descendants of full Spanish ancestry
- Ruled New World on behalf of Spanish Crown
- Cultural differences with Spain widened as time went on
- Rebelled in nineteenth century and eventually drove out Spanish, taking over independent rule of Latin America
Concepts
Catholicization
- Spanish desire not only to extract riches but to spread Catholicism among "heathens"
- Provided moral rationale for Spanish conquest of Western Hemisphere
- Often conflicted with economic incentives
- Missionaries flooded into New World, establishing schools and missions
Columbian Exchange
- Exchange of goods, plants, diseases, and peoples between Eastern and Western hemispheres
- Spread of European diseases in Americas devastated Indians, who died by the millions
- Potatoes, corn, tomatoes, tobacco among agricultural products introduced to Europe for first time
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