The Sun Also Rises Allusions & Cultural References

Literature, Philosophy, and Mythology

W.H. Hudson, The Purple Land (2.3)
Horatio Alger (2.3)
H.L. Mencken (6.2, 12.39)
A.E.W. Mason (12.31)
Circe, character in Greek mythology (13.52)
Ivan Turgenieff, a.k.a. Turgenev, Sportsman’s Sketches (14.1, 14.7)

Historical References

Most importantly, the specter of World War I is always lurking beneath the surface of this novel – references are made to it throughout.
Marshal Michel Ney (4.10)
Voluntary Aid Detachment, WWI (5.8)
William Jennings Bryan (12.36)