Adjusted Present Value - APV

  

Just see our opus on Present Value. It won The Bucky (Academy Award for Finance Video).

"Adjusted," in this case, takes into account all of the elements of a net present value projection of future cash flows and what they're worth today.

Usually, adjustments to present value calculations include things like taxes, and taxes net of the effects of leverage, or debt, as well as dilution from warrants and other weird curve balls that get thrown into the calculated values of companies in the market place.

Remember that interest paid on debt is directly tax deductible, such that the government is essentially splitting the cost of companies, or at least underriding a meaningful part of it when they use leverage, either in their operations or for acquisitions. So adjusting net present value usually maths the crap out of these calculations, usually with the goal of goosing up the value of the company.

Why the goosing? Because most of these adjusted present value calculations are done by the investment bankers hired to sell the company. Think of them as real estate brokers, plus a hundred SAT points.

Related or Semi-related Video

Finance: How do you assess the cost of e...11 Views

00:00

finance a la shmoop how do you assess the cost of equity

00:07

all right so people remember that's equity that's your stock that's the [Man driving a car]

00:11

ownership of the company trying to figure out how you assess the cost of it

00:15

when you do stuff with it okay so your specific motors your like [Specific motors store]

00:19

General Motors but your products way less vague with your stock at $20 a

00:25

share and fifty million shares outstanding Wall Street is telling you

00:29

when they're paying 20 bucks a share for your stock that specific motors is worth

00:32

a cool billion dollars got it 20 times 50 there you want to buy your dreaded

00:38

hated competitor Alfalfa Romeo for two hundred million dollars yep [Plane carrying Alfalfa Romeo banner]

00:43

the one started by the little rascal that one so you've gotten your board to

00:47

agree to let you make this transaction and you've gotten Alfalfa Romeo to agree [Specific Motors and Alfalfa Romeo board in a meeting]

00:53

to it as well the only question now is how you pay for this transaction that is

00:58

how you pay the two hundred million dollars is it in cash or is it in stock

01:03

all right well you could borrow the money and if you do the rate of interest

01:06

you'll pay is seven percent with terms already set so that you have to pay back

01:10

one tenth of the loan each year for ten years until it's all paid off got it so

01:16

two hundred million dollars that is 20 million a year and you can handle the

01:19

interest it would be 14 million bucks interest in year one but you would also

01:23

owe 20 million in principle pay downs at 34 million in year one and well frankly [Interest payments for year 1]

01:28

that's where you get nervous that's a lot of cash out of your pocket here...

01:32

If things don't go perfectly smoothly in your profit margins of the combined

01:36

company specific romeo' are less than you'd plan well then you could risk

01:41

putting the company in financial peril even bankruptcy because you know that if [Car driving by and stock value stamped with bankruptcy]

01:46

you don't pay back debt according to the deals terms, well then at least in theory

01:50

the debt holders could knock on your door one day and take ownership of your [Chains engulf Specific Motors]

01:54

company yeah company suicide, career suicide, the

01:58

financial end of the world as you know it so you look at paying the 200 mil in

02:02

equity instead of debt and you're wondering how to assess that cost got it

02:08

so you have a billion dollars you're going to give a fifth of that or 200

02:11

million dollars to the shareholders of Alfalfa Romeo in return for their excellent

02:16

cars all right well on your own this year you'll have three hundred million [Revenues for Specific Motors]

02:19

dollars in revenues to specific motors to deliver 40 million dollars in

02:23

earnings you trade at 25 times that 40 million of earnings billion dollars

02:29

remember you have 50 million shares outstanding trading at 20 bucks a share

02:33

do the math on both sides and you'll get a billion dollars either way see we do

02:37

it here for you at no extra charge at shmoop you can see it right there on the [Man points to Shmoop calculations]

02:40

screen....

02:42

well your business doesn't have a lot of research and development not big capital

02:46

expenditures so most if not all of your earnings is cash earnings that is of the

02:52

40 million dollars in earnings this year well close to a hundred percent of it is

02:56

cash we'll just call it that for this problem all right well if all you were

03:00

was a dividend producing machine well then this year you would be showing a [Machine producing dividends]

03:05

"free cash flow yield" of four percent or 40 million dollars in

03:12

cash generated by the billion-dollar market cap company that you have going

03:17

on there got it that's 40 million over the billion dollar valuation it's like a

03:21

4% cash yield for investors meaning if you paid $20 for a share of [20 dollars transfers to a share of stock]

03:25

stock you got about 80 cents in cash production from it so that's 80 cents

03:29

over 20 bucks the combo gets you a 4% cash yield so yeah that's how you assess

03:35

the cost of equity, you're paying for things in all stock with about 4% kind

03:41

of yield money so if you're paying a fifth of the company to buy Alfalfa

03:46

Romeo well you're gonna dilute that cash yield down and then you just have to do [Maths book opens]

03:50

the math whether Alfalfa Romeo generates enough cash to make the difference to

03:55

you does that make sense Otay! [Man waves]

Up Next

Finance: What is a WACC Model?
18 Views

WACC is an acronym for weighted average cost of capital. A company can raise money either through selling equity or by raising debt. When measuring...

Finance: What is Hurdle Rate?
62 Views

One of the toughest jobs any head coach for the NFL or NBA has is: who makes the final team roster? Is there a level of production that warrants th...

Finance: How Do You Calculate Rates of Return?
35 Views

How do you calculate rates of return? Calculating rate of return on an investment that pays dividends can be a bit tricky. You need to look at the...

Find other enlightening terms in Shmoop Finance Genius Bar(f)