Quarter - Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4
  
See: Quarterly Revenue Growth. See: Quarter to Date - QTD. See: Quarter Over Quarter - Q/Q.
Companies run a 13-week race 4 times a year. They report back to their shareholders how well or poorly they performed. And they lather, rinse, repeat.
There are 4 quarters in a year, 4 quarts in a gallon, 4 quartiles in a weirdly shaped Bell Curve. Fourths. That's how we divide the world.