John Donne, Meditation XVII (13.22&23) — the phrase "no man is an island" comes from this famous work.
William Shakespeare (13.23)
Edgar Rice Burroughs, The Venus Series (13.49) — many science fiction stories take place on a fictional Venus covered in forest, but Pris's mention of "huge monsters and women in breastplates that glistened" make us think she is referencing this "sword-and-plant" science fiction series.
"Time and tide wait for no man" (16.3) — read the history of this famous phrase here.
John Bradford (16.29) — Rachael's comment alludes to the famous phrase, "There but for the grace of God, go I." Often attributed to John Bradford, an English evangelical preacher and martyr (source).
Historical References
Wilder Graves Penfield (1.2), (8.33) — a Canadian neurosurgeon who made great strides in neural stimulation and the namesake of the Penfield mood organ.
Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (3.10)
Leningrad (4.18) — the city is known as St. Petersburg today.
Currier and Ives (5.18) — a historical American printmaking firm.
Bataan Death March (9.59)
Adolf Hitler (18.58)
Pop Culture References
Gresham's Law (6.25)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's Don Giovanni (8.41)
Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (8.41), (9.12)
Charlotte "Lotte" Lehmann (8.41)
Lisa Della Casa (8.41)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's The Magic Flute (9.1-4), (12.113)
Henry Purcell (9.45)
Sir William Turner Walton (9.45)
Vaughn Williams (9.45)
Edvard Munch (12.3)
Edvard Munch's The Scream (12.10)
Edvard Munch's Puberty (12.14), (12.80)
Pablo Picasso (12.79)
The Mars Canals Theory (13.51)
Greta Garbo (13.65)
Josef Strauss' My Life is Love and Pleasure, Op. 263 (15.51)
San Francisco References
Lombard Street (3.1), (9.120)
Nob Hill (3.3)
Fisherman's Wharf (5.14)
The Tenderloin (8.31)
The War Memorial Opera House & San Francisco Opera company (8.40), (8.92), (11.48)