¹ "San Francisco History 1846-1864," The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco, http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/index2.html

² The Seventh Census of the United States: 1850, Sup. J.D.B. DeBow, Bureau of the Census, http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1850a-01.pdf; "Population of the United States in 1860," Eighth Census of the United States, Bureau of the Census Library, Sup. Joseph C. G. Kennedy, Bureau of the Census, http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-15.pdf

³ Albert Hurtado, Indian Survival on the California Frontier (Yale, 1990).

⁴ David Wyatt, Five Fires: Race, Catastrophe, and the Shaping of California (Oxford, 1999), 78.

⁵ Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition, ed. Susan Carter, Scott Sigmund Gartner, Michael Haines, Alan Olmsted, Richard Sutch and Gavin Wright (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), http://hsus.cambridge.org/

⁶ Walter B. Smith, "Wage Rates on the Erie Canal, 1828-1881," Journal of Economic History 23:3 (Sept. 1963).

⁷ "Timeline," The Gold Rush, American Experience, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/timeline/index.html

⁸ Gold Rush, film, dir. Randall MacLowry, (2006; San Francisco, CA and Boston, MA: PBS, American Experience), transcript online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/filmmore/pt.html

⁹ Gold Rush, film, dir. Randall MacLowry, (2006; San Francisco, CA and Boston, MA: PBS, American Experience), transcript online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/filmmore/pt.html

¹⁰ David Wyatt, Five Fires: Race, Catastrophe, and the Shaping of California (Oxford, 1999), 78

¹¹ Melissa O'Meara, "1848-1850: A Timeline," Sacramento Bee, http://www.calgoldrush.com/resources/gr_timeline.html

¹² Melissa O'Meara, "1848-1850: A Timeline," Sacramento Bee, http://www.calgoldrush.com/resources/gr_timeline.html

¹³ "Early History of the San Francisco Fire Department," The Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco, citing the Municipal Record, City and County of San Francisco, 15 October 1925, http://www.sfmuseum.org/hist1/fire.html

¹⁴ James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (New York: Harper, 1896-1906), 168.

¹⁵ Gold Rush, film, dir. Randall MacLowry, (2006; San Francisco, CA and Boston, MA: PBS, American Experience), transcript online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/filmmore/pt.html

¹⁶ Gold Rush, film, dir. Randall MacLowry, (2006; San Francisco, CA and Boston, MA: PBS, American Experience), transcript online at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/goldrush/filmmore/pt.html