¹ Eric Foner, ed., Give Me Liberty!, Vol. ii (New York: W.W. Norton, 2005), 512.

² " Montgomery Ward, " Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica Online, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9076098/Montgomery-Ward

³ Robert G. Barrows, "Urbanizing America," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield: 2007), 113.

⁴ Robert G. Barrows, "Urbanizing America," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, ed. Charles W. Calhoun (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield: 2007), 103.

⁵ Henry D. Thoreau, Walden (New York: Crowell, 1910), http://books.google.com/books?id=yiQ3AAAAIAAJ&

⁶ Gary Cross and Rick Szostak, Technology and American Society (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), 172.

⁷ W. Bernard Carlson, "Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870-1900," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (2007), 37.

⁸ W. Bernard Carlson, "Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870-1900," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (2007), 36-39.

⁹ W. Bernard Carlson, "Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870-1900," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (2007), 42.

¹⁰ "New York honours electrocuted elephant," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/americas/3083029.stm

¹¹ W. Bernard Carlson, "Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870-1900," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (2007), 33-36.

¹² Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States: 1492-Present (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2003), 299.

¹³ This section is heavily informed by Andrea Gabor's discussion of Taylor and the differential-rate idea in The Capitalist Philosophers (New York, NY: Three Rivers Press, 2002)

¹⁴ Gary Cross and Rick Szostak, Technology and American Society (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), 154.

¹⁵ Owen Wister, quoted in David Minter, "A Cultural History of the Modern Novel," The Cambridge History of American Literature: Volume 6, Prose Writing, 1910-1950, ed. Sacvan Bercovitch (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 38.

¹⁶ The quotes in this section, as well as much of its general argument, appear in the closing chapter of Alan Trachtenberg's The Incorporation of America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1983).

¹⁷ "universal time," The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2001-07)

¹⁸ Kirk Simon and Karen Goodman, The Telephone (Boston, MA: WGBH Educational Foundation, 1997), American Experience, PBS, transcript at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/telephone/filmmore/transcript/index.html

¹⁹ Gary Cross and Rick Szostak, Technology and American Society (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), 171.

²⁰ Harold Evans, et al., They Made America (New York, NY: Time Warner Book Group, 2004), 250.

²¹ Gary Cross and Rick Szostak, Technology and American Society (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1995), 165.

²² Harold Evans, et al., They Made America (New York, NY: Time Warner Book Group, 2004), 156.

²³ W. Bernard Carlson, "Technology and America as a Consumer Society, 1870-1900," The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America (2007), 42.

²⁴ "New York honours electrocuted elephant," BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/americas/3083029.stm

²⁵ "The Film and More: Program Description," Edison's Miracle of Light, dir. Matthew Collins, American Experience, PBS, 1995, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/edison/filmmore/description.html

²⁶ Albert Beveridge, 1897, quoted in Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper Collins, 2003), 299.

²⁷ Quoted in "Telephone Tales--Mr. Watson, come here, I want you!: Lost and Found Sound--Looking at the First Phone Call," All Things Considered, NPR, originally broadcast 19 March 1999, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3602515

²⁸ Frederick Winslow Taylor, quoted in Delmar W. Karger and Franklin H. Bayha, Engineered Work Measurement, (New York: Industrial Press Inc., 1986), 5. Also see: Frederick Winslow Taylor, The Principles of Scientific Measurement (New York: Harper, 1911), http://books.google.com/books?id=5ek4cYPdndYC

²⁹ Henry David Thoreau, Walden, ed. Raymond McDonald Alden (New York: Longman, Green and Co., 1910), 45.