"Well, but China?"
"The fish that you have tattooed immediately above your right wrist could only have been done in China. I have made a small study of tattoo marks and have even contributed to the literature of the subject. That trick of staining the fishes' scales of a delicate pink is quite peculiar to China. When, in addition, I see a Chinese coin hanging from your watch-chain, the matter becomes even more simple."
Mr. Jabez Wilson laughed heavily. "Well, I never!" said he. "I thought at first that you had done something clever, but I see that there was nothing in it after all."
"I begin to think, Watson," said Holmes, "that I make a mistake in explaining. 'Omne ignotum pro magnifico,' you know, and my poor little reputation, such as it is, will suffer shipwreck if I am so candid" (League.23-6)
(Omne ignotum pro magnifico is a standard Latin phrase that means "everything unknown seems grand.") In the previous passage we quoted in this section, Watson has an appropriate response to Holmes's genius: quiet awe. Here, Holmes is poking fun at Jabez Wilson for being too dumb to even get just how smart Holmes really is. But it seems like kind of a contradiction to us that the proof of Watson's intelligence is that he's smart enough to know how much smarter Holmes still is.
Quote 2
Indeed, I have found that it is usually in unimportant matters that there is a field for the observation, and for the quick analysis of cause and effect which gives the charm to an investigation. The larger crimes are apt to be the simpler, for the bigger the crime the more obvious, as a rule, is the motive. In these cases, save for one rather intricate matter which has been referred to me from Marseilles, there is nothing which presents any features of interest (Identity.11).
Holmes often makes this argument that simple problems offer the strangest examples of human behavior – think of the totally trivial-seeming goose and hat that start out "The Blue Carbuncle." But this idea of lowly questions being more meaningful than grand ones also has social meaning: for Holmes, social status takes a back seat to intellectual complexity.
Quote 3
'Pon my word, Watson, you are coming along wonderfully. You have really done very well indeed. It is true that you have missed everything of importance, but you have hit upon the method, and you have a quick eye for colour. Never trust to general impressions, my boy, but concentrate yourself upon details (Identity.86).
Poor Watson, he's always being told that he's "missed everything of importance." How does Holmes's interactions with Watson develop Holmes's own character for you? How does Watson act as Holmes's foil?
Quote 4
"Very good, Lestrade," said Holmes, laughing. "You really are very fine indeed. Let me see it." He took up the paper in a listless way, but his attention instantly became riveted, and he gave a little cry of satisfaction. "This is indeed important," said he.
"Ha! you find it so?"
"Extremely so. I congratulate you warmly."
Lestrade rose in his triumph and bent his head to look. "Why," he shrieked, "you're looking at the wrong side!"
"On the contrary, this is the right side." […]
"I've wasted time enough," said Lestrade, rising. "I believe in hard work and not in sitting by the fire spinning fine theories. Good-day, Mr. Holmes, and we shall see which gets to the bottom of the matter first." He gathered up the garments, thrust them into the bag, and made for the door (Bachelor.166-75).
Speaking of foils: if Holmes's relationship with Lestrade is so antagonistic, why do they keep working together? How does this scene illuminate both Holmes's and Lestrade's characters? Why might Conan Doyle find Lestrade a useful character to have around?
Quote 5
Pshaw, my dear fellow, what do the public, the great unobservant public, who could hardly tell a weaver by his tooth or a compositor by his left thumb, care about the finer shades of analysis and deduction! (Beeches.9).
Holmes is criticizing Watson's "romantic" representation of Holmes's deductive methods. Watson protests that his stories are popular, and Holmes replies, "what does the public know?" Here, we get a tiny snapshot of Holmes's slightly elitist attitude towards the whole question of cunning. Sure, Holmes may talk a good game about not caring about the status of his clients, but as far as logical reasoning goes – leave it to the professionals, folks.
Quote 6
"The law cannot, as you say, touch you [Mr. Windibank]," said Holmes, unlocking and throwing open the door, "yet there never was a man who deserved punishment more. If the young lady has a brother or a friend, he ought to lay a whip across your shoulders. By Jove!" he continued, flushing up at the sight of the bitter sneer upon the man's face, "it is not part of my duties to my client, but here's a hunting crop handy, and I think I shall just treat myself to—" He took two swift steps to the whip, but before he could grasp it there was a wild clatter of steps upon the stairs, the heavy hall door banged, and from the window we could see Mr. James Windibank running at the top of his speed down the road.
"There's a cold-blooded scoundrel!" said Holmes, laughing, as he threw himself down into his chair once more. "That fellow will rise from crime to crime until he does something very bad, and ends on a gallows. The case has, in some respects, been not entirely devoid of interest" (Identity.129-30).
Does Holmes's quick change from apparent fury to laughter cast doubt on the sincerity of his feelings? Is it enough for him to content himself with the belief that Windibank will eventually be hanged? What do you think about Holmes's decision to not tell Mary Sutherland about her stepfather's (and mother's, for that matter) deception?
"Well, it is not for me to judge you [John Turner]," said Holmes as the old man signed the statement which had been drawn out. "I pray that we may never be exposed to such a temptation."
"I pray not, sir. And what do you intend to do?"
"In view of your health, nothing. You are yourself aware that you will soon have to answer for your deed at a higher court than the Assizes. I will keep your confession, and if McCarthy is condemned I shall be forced to use it. If not, it shall never be seen by mortal eye; and your secret, whether you be alive or dead, shall be safe with us" (Valley.209-12).
Holmes's decision to not use Turner's statement to get James McCarthy's case dismissed probably leaves McCarthy in for some serious emotional turmoil until the young man's finally acquitted. Also, even though Holmes says that "it is not for [him] to judge," by choosing not to turn over a killer to the police, isn't that choice itself a judgment? Do you agree with Holmes's decision? Do you think that it's fair that Holmes has this kind of power over his clients' lives?
Quote 8
"Get out!" said [Holmes to first-time jewel thief James Ryder].
"What, sir! Oh, Heaven bless you!"
"No more words. Get out!"
And no more words were needed. There was a rush, a clatter upon the stairs, the bang of a door, and the crisp rattle of running footfalls from the street.
"After all, Watson," said Holmes, reaching up his hand for his clay pipe, "I am not retained by the police to supply their deficiencies. If Horner were in danger it would be another thing; but this fellow will not appear against him, and the case must collapse. I suppose that I am commuting a felony, but it is just possible that I am saving a soul. This fellow will not go wrong again; he is too terribly frightened. Send him to gaol now, and you make him a gaol-bird for life. Besides, it is the season of forgiveness. Chance has put in our way a most singular and whimsical problem, and its solution is its own reward" (Carbuncle.205-11).
What do you make of this statement that "chance has put in our way a most singular and whimsical problem, and its solution is its own reward"? Why doesn't Holmes have a larger moral responsibility to supply the police in their deficiencies? Do you agree that Holmes's mercy is justified in this case?
Quote 9
When the commissionaire had gone, Holmes took up the stone and held it against the light. "It's a bonny thing," said he. "Just see how it glints and sparkles. Of course it is a nucleus and focus of crime. Every good stone is. They are the devil's pet baits. In the larger and older jewels every facet may stand for a bloody deed. This stone is not yet twenty years old. It was found in the banks of the Amoy River in southern China and is remarkable in having every characteristic of the carbuncle, save that it is blue in shade instead of ruby red. In spite of its youth, it has already a sinister history. There have been two murders, a vitriol-throwing, a suicide, and several robberies brought about for the sake of this forty-grain weight of crystallised charcoal. Who would think that so pretty a toy would be a purveyor to the gallows and the prison? I'll lock it up in my strong box now and drop a line to the Countess to say that we have it" (Carbuncle.69).
The Blue Carbuncle in this passage seems like a distillation of both the danger and the attraction of colonialism. The featured stone is immensely valuable, sure, but the means of its circulation through the world, from China to London, comes at the high price of "two murders, a vitriol-throwing, a suicide, and several robberies." Yikes. Staying put and avoiding such things seems like one potential recipe for safety in this otherwise topsy-turvy world.
Quote 10
"You have an answer to everything. But how on earth do you deduce that the gas is not laid on in his house?"
"One tallow stain, or even two, might come by chance; but when I see no less than five, I think that there can be little doubt that the individual must be brought into frequent contact with burning tallow – walks upstairs at night probably with his hat in one hand and a guttering candle in the other. Anyhow, he never got tallow-stains from a gas-jet. Are you satisfied?"
"Well, it is very ingenious," said I, laughing (Carbuncle.45-7).
This section of deduction belongs to a long chain in which Holmes also reasons that the poor owner of this hat has lost the love of his wife. Besides being a pretty amazing performance of the kind of deductive reasoning Holmes so adores, this scene is also interesting for Watson's frequent expressions of amazement and disbelief. He's basically egging Holmes on, giving him a plot-based reason for why he would be talking through the identity of the owner of an old hat in such detail: Holmes does this because Watson wants him to, because he asks Holmes, "how on earth do you deduce?"
"You must not fear," said he soothingly, bending forward and patting her forearm. "We shall soon set matters right, I have no doubt. You have come in by train this morning, I see."
"You know me, then?"
"No, but I observe the second half of a return ticket in the palm of your left glove. You must have started early, and yet you had a good drive in a dog-cart, along heavy roads, before you reached the station."
The lady gave a violent start and stared in bewilderment at my companion (Band.12-6).
This scene takes place when Holmes first meets Helen Stoner, the extremely fragile heroine of "The Speckled Band." Her physical expression of surprise at Holmes's deductions helps emphasize how unusual he is. But it also gives the scene a material, realistic quality that Conan Doyle seems to be striving for all the time in these stories.
Quote 12
"I have seen those symptoms before," said Holmes, throwing his cigarette into the fire. "Oscillation upon the pavement always means an affaire de coeur. She would like advice, but is not sure that the matter is not too delicate for communication. And yet even here we may discriminate. When a woman has been seriously wronged by a man she no longer oscillates, and the usual symptom is a broken bell wire. Here we may take it that there is a love matter, but that the maiden is not so much angry as perplexed, or grieved. But here she comes in person to resolve our doubts" (Identity.13).
Once again, we see Holmes assigning certain character traits to womanhood. In this case, we get romance and heartbreak. We can't help but be struck by the fact that there is a parallel between "A Case of Identity" and "The Noble Bachelor," in that both clients are searching for their missing partners. But Mary Sutherland, as both a woman and a member of the working class, is characterized by her emotion and her faith to Mr. Hosmer Angel. Lord St. Simon, on the other hand, as both a man and a member of the upper class, is cold and highly preoccupied with the social consequences of losing his wife – the blows to his reputation and his finances. Do men and women generally bring different kinds of cases to Holmes? What might explain such differences, if there are any?
Quote 13
"What a woman – oh, what a woman!" cried the King of Bohemia, when we had all three read this epistle. "Did I not tell you how quick and resolute she was? Would she not have made an admirable queen? Is it not a pity that she was not on my level?"
"From what I have seen of the lady, she seems, indeed, to be on a very different level to your Majesty," said Holmes coldly. "I am sorry that I have not been able to bring your Majesty's business to a more successful conclusion" (Scandal.3.31-32).
Here, Holmes is making a little play on "level": on the one hand, he could be referring to Irene Adler's social rank, which is, of course, much lower than the King of Bohemia's. But the coldness of his speech and the emphatic "indeed" in the middle of his sentence suggests that he's using "level" to mean her value as a person – which is much greater than the King of Bohemia's. So Holmes seems to be implying that social status will always take a back seat to other ways of evaluating people. But then, why is Irene Adler so much better than the King of Bohemia? Is it simply that she's smarter than he is? More daring than he is? What standards does Holmes use to judge people? What is most important to him of those different values?
Quote 14
"When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the 'Pink 'un' protruding out of his pocket, you can always draw him by a bet," said [Holmes]. "I daresay that if I had put £100 down in front of him, that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager" (Carbuncle.147).
Holmes may be willing to interact with you regardless of social class, but that doesn't mean he won't judge you according to your background. Here, he manages to dupe a poultry seller into giving him information by using assumptions about the man's habits based solely on his appearance. We have to admit, scenes like this shake us out of the stories a little bit because, in today's world, we're trained not to profile people based on physical signs of class, race, or gender. As a reader of Holmes, how do you deal with the cultural differences between his time and now? Do these moments stick out to you, or are they just a part of Holmes's overall, self-contained fictional world?
Quote 15
I assure you, Watson, without affectation, that the status of my client is a matter of less moment to me than the interest of his case (Bachelor.6-12).
Holmes is a man of the people! Well, insofar as he's pretty much outside of society as a whole, so he doesn't have to let things like social status get to him. When we say Holmes is outside of society, we mean that he doesn't fit wholly into any of the social categories that are so important to these stories. First, he's a man, but he doesn't want to get married. Second, he's a professional, though one who's working for pleasure rather than for money (it would appear). Also, he's totally made up his job. He's the world's first private detective, he claims. And thirdly, the guy's educated, but primarily in the things that matter to him most: soil types and rare poisons and the like. Holmes is unique, and so it makes sense that he doesn't much care about other people's placement in a social order he doesn't really belong to. At the same time, Holmes is a product of his time, and making judgments based on class, race, and gender seem pretty unproblematic to him.
Quote 16
"I think that I had better go, Holmes."
"Not a bit, doctor. Stay where you are. I am lost without my Boswell" (Scandal.1.36-7).
(James Boswell was the famous biographer and friend of eighteenth-century English writer Samuel Johnson.) Holmes is always razzing Watson for romanticizing him and his work. Holmes wants to see his adventures logged like police reports or something, listing his deductive achievements without any of the emotion or color Watson brings to these tales. But at the same time, Holmes needs Watson to make his name known at all. Holmes would literally be lost without Watson, without his particular special friend/narrator.
Quote 17
"You will remember that I remarked the other day, just before we went into the very simple problem presented by Miss Mary Sutherland, that for strange effects and extraordinary combinations we must go to life itself, which is always far more daring than any effort of the imagination."
"A proposition which I took the liberty of doubting."
"You did, Doctor, but none the less you must come round to my view, for otherwise I shall keep on piling fact upon fact on you until your reason breaks down under them and acknowledges me to be right" (League.8-12).
Honestly, this exchange is kind of weird to us: so, Holmes is saying that life is always stranger than fiction. But this is a fictional story. So why is Holmes busy talking smack about fiction? The thing is, given what we know of Holmes's character – his fascination with science and the rational, and his love of puzzles – it makes total sense that he would prefer life to fiction. But we the readers, who may admire Holmes from afar but who do not possess his degree of logic or precision – we want the color and glamour of fiction, Conan Doyle's fiction, to be exact. So there's a kind of meta-commentary (in other words, a commentary about commentary) going on here. Holmes may be the kind of logical guy who prefers fact to fiction, but it's his logic (strangely) that makes him a great fictional hero for us to enjoy.
Quote 18
We had reached Baker Street and had topped at the door. He was searching his pockets for the key when someone passing said: "Good-night, Mr. Sherlock Holmes."
There were several people on the pavement at the time, but the greeting appeared to come from a slim youth in an ulster who had hurried by.
"I've heard that voice before," said Holmes, staring down the dimly lit street. "Now I wonder who the deuce that could have been" (Scandal.2.92-4).
Here's Holmes's most careless mistake in all the twelve Adventures: Irene Adler passes him in men's clothing, greets him by name, and he doesn't figure out it's her until she tells him so directly. Adler is the only character who shares Holmes's real freedom with disguises (after all, Neville St. Clair isn't looking for liberty, he's looking for cash as that beggar). Why does Adler, like Holmes, get to go around pretending to be something she's not? What do these two have in common that make their appearances deceptive?
Quote 19
As he spoke there was a tap at the door, and the boy in buttons entered to announce Miss Mary Sutherland, while the lady herself loomed behind his small black figure like a full-sailed merchantman behind a tiny pilot boat. Sherlock Holmes welcomed her with the easy courtesy for which he was remarkable, and, having closed the door and bowed her into an armchair, he looked her over in the minute and yet abstracted fashion which was peculiar to him (Identity.13).
Look at all the subtle ways in which Mary Sutherland's slightly ridiculous character is suggested by her appearance: she "loom[s]" like a "full-sailed merchantman" (a kind of ship). In just a few words, Sutherland appears (a) big, and (b) funny. Holmes may be a great champion of unbiased observation, but Watson, as our narrator, gives his opinions about people's looks all the time.
Quote 20
All over the countryside, away to the rolling hills around Aldershot, the little red and grey roofs of the farmsteadings peeped out from amid the light green of the new foliage.
"Are they not fresh and beautiful?" I cried with all the enthusiasm of a man fresh from the fogs of Baker Street.
But Holmes shook his head gravely.
"Do you know, Watson," said he, "that it is one of the curses of a mind with a turn like mine that I must look at everything with reference to my own special subject. You look at these scattered houses, and you are impressed by their beauty. I look at them, and the only thought which comes to me is a feeling of their isolation and of the impunity with which crime may be committed here" (Beeches.90-2).
Holmes states his view on the country vs. city debate pretty clearly here. He warns Watson not to be fooled by appearances (not that Holmes is immune from that himself). The lovely farms they're driving past are far enough away from each other and from the police that they can hide terrible abuses, warns Holmes. This passage resonates with one that starts out "A Case of Identity," in which Holmes sounds really happy about the idea of peeling back the roofs of London's homes to explore the strange events behind everyday life. But everyday life that might seem welcoming to Holmes in London then appears threatening in the countryside. What are some factors that might make Holmes feel more at home in London? How do technologies of communication and transportation contribute to Holmes's London experience?