Crossing Brooklyn Ferry

Before the construction of the iconic Brooklyn Bridge, many New Yorkers who worked in Manhattan used to commute back home to Brooklyn every night using ferryboats. Walt Whitman uses the crisscrossing journey of the boat as a metaphor for a journey of the soul. Even as he stands in one place on the deck of a ferry crossing from Manhattan to Brooklyn, his soul extends forward and backward through the waters of time and then snaps back into place like a slinky, or, more appropriately, like the ebbing and flowing tides of the East River in New York. In the process, the poet traces an increasingly wide circle connecting himself to his fellow passengers, his fellow New Yorkers, his readers, and, by the end, pretty much everyone. It's a trick Whitman pulls in many of his poems, including his longest poem, "Song of Myself," where he declares, "I am large, I contain multitudes."

Whitman wrote "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" in the years before the American Civil War. As you read Whitman's rhetoric about a great Soul and the solidarity of all peoples, keep in mind that the nation was in the process of splintering into deadly rivals. The barriers "between us" that Whitman refers to were very real in the late 1850s.

The energy and rhythms of urban New York were important to Whitman's development as a poet. He started his writing career as a journalist, and he contributed to two Brooklyn newspapers, the Daily Eagle and Brooklyn Freeman, the latter of which he founded in 1848. He even wrote articles about the New York ferries, including one in which he criticized a plan to increase the fare (source). Whitman was a tireless (some might say shameless) self-promoter, and you could attribute some of his more sensational poetic tendencies, like the frequent use of exclamation marks, to that knack for grabbing attention that he honed as a journalist.

Whitman's big break as a poet was also one of the most important events in American literature: the publication of Leaves of Grass in 1855. The poem we now call "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry" was published in 1856 under the title "Sun Down Poem." Whitman later revised the poem and republished it in the 1860 edition of Leaves of Grass under its final title.

Whitman kept revising many of his most famous poems throughout his life, a habit that can prove frustrating to the modern reader wondering which version to read. Leaves of Grass is his signature collection, but it continued to evolve as Whitman returned to it again and again, adding new poems and performing significant "touch-ups" on the old ones. Many critics have come to think that the younger Whitman was a stronger poet – or at least a more concise one – than the older Whitman. Here at Shmoop, we are using the 1860 version of "Crossing Brooklyn Ferry," rather than its final 1881 revision.