Qualifications
Well, for starters, you need to know how to count. You should probably be able to add, subtract, multiply, and divide. Fractions might come in handy too. Also, geometry, trigonometry, and calculus are all useful. You'll probably want to get some physics in there as well. And theoretical mathematics, that's helpful. Oh, and statistics too. You know what? It's probably a good idea to learn as much about math as possible.
Being a mathematician is kind of like being a writer; you can only put together a beautiful sonnet if you have the proper words to build the piece. In mathematics, the words are numbers, and the formulas are what make the meter, timing, and structure.
You're going to need degrees, and as many and as advanced as possible. A bachelor's degree might get a part-time gig at a lab, but to really excel at this stuff you're going to need at least a master's degree.
If you end up teaching, you'll have to figure out how to translate what you know into simpler bits. Even genius-level students like you didn't start out knowing everything. Should you enter the classroom as an authority, you better darn sure know what you're talking about. More importantly, you'll need to know how to say it so your students know what you're talking about.
As the Russian mathematician/straight talker Sofia Kovalevskaya said, "It is impossible to be a mathematician without being a poet in soul." You are the poet, and mathematics is your language.