When authors refer to other great works, people, and events, it’s usually not accidental. Put on your super-sleuth hat and figure out why.
Literary and Philosophical References
- Leo Tolstoy (1.18)
- Somerset Maugham (1.20)
- Oswald Spengler (1.20)
- Baruch Spinoza (1.34, 9.3)
- Ivan Turgenev (1.38)
- Fyodor Dostoevski (1.38, 8.94, 13.12, 13.20)
- Anatole France (1.49, 11.17)
- Emile Zola (2.20, 10.20)
- Honoré de Balzac (2.20)
- Dante (2.20, 5.18, 10.18, 11.9, 13.22, 14.27)
- August Strindberg (2.20, 10.15, 10.17, 10.18, 10.21, 13.5)
- Stéphane Mallarmé (2.25)
- Victor Hugo (2.25, 11.17)
- T.S. Eliot (3.5)
- Homer (5.18)
- Goethe (5.28, 11.9, 14.33, 15.5-15.9)
- Aristotle (5.18)
- Plato (5.18, 9.3)
- Epictetus (5.18)
- Rabelais (5.18, 6.21, 10.18, 14.27, 14.33)
- Miguel de Cervantes (5.18, 13.5)
- Jonathan Swift (5.18)
- Walt Whitman (5.18, 5.309, 13.56) (For more on the Miller-Whitman bond, see "In a Nutshell")
- Edgar Allan Poe (5.18)
- Charles Baudelaire (5.18, 12.56)
- François Villon (5.18, 12.56, 14.27, 14.33)
- Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci (5.18)
- AlessandroFrancesco TommasoManzoni (5.18)
- Félix Arturo Lope de Vega (5.18)
- Friedrich Nietzsche (5.18, 9.10, 13.7)
- Arthur Schopenhauer (5.18)
- Immanuel Kant (5.18)
- Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (5.18)
- Charles Darwin (5.18)
- Herbert Spencer (5.18)
- Aldous Huxley (5.18)
- Ralph Waldo Emerson (Epigraph, 6.1)
- Werther (6.18)
- Leda (and the Swan) (6.18, 12.49)
- Petronuis (6.21)
- Guy de Maupassant (8.83, 8.88)
- Knut Hamsun (8.94)
- Ezra Pound (8.94)
- Marcel Proust (8.153)
- Plotinus (11.10)
- Magic Mountain by Thomas Mann (11.10)
- Joseph Conrad (11.17)
- Lord Byron (11.17)
- Baron de Charlus (Remembrance of Things Past-Proust) (11.35, 11.45
- Kurtz (Heart of Darkness, Conrad) (11.45)
- Molly Bloom (Ulysses) (13.11)
- John Milton (13.24)
- Shakespeare (13.24, 15.9)
- Pierre de Ronsard (14.27)
- Euclid (14.29)
- Virgil (14.29)
- Leaves of Grass (Walt Whitman) (14.30)
- Molière (14.33)
- Jean Racine (14.33)
- Pierre Corneille (14.33)
- Voltaire (14.33)
- Arthur Rimbaud (14.33)
- Johann Gottlieb Fichte (14.36)
Art References
- Paul Gaughin (1.20, 13.5)
- Vincent Van Gogh (1.38, 10.18)
- Marie Laurencin (3.5)
- Raoul Dufy (3.6)
- Joan Miró (3.6)
- Auguste Rodin (3.11)
- "Balzac" of Rodin (6.18)
- Henri Matisse (8.153-8.158)
- Leonardo da Vinci (11.9)
- Rembrandt (11.9, 13.5)
- Titian (13.5)
- Picasso (13.11)
- Albrecht Dürer (14.27)
- Maurice Utrillo (14.40)
Historical References
- Sigmund Freud (2.10, 11.10)
- Wilhelm Stekel (2.10)
- Napoleon (5.27)
- Havelock Ellis (8.20)
- Christopher Columbus (10.19, 13.4)
- Krishnamurti (11.10)
- Upanishads (11.10)
- Sarah Bernhardt (12.23)
Pop Culture References
- Rudolph Valentino (8.146
Music References
- Bach (2.7, 2.24
- Robert Alexander Schumann (2.9
- Verdi (14.38